Ethical Challenges of Using Artificial Intelligence in Global Education Based on Spirituality and Religious Moderation
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Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Global Education, Technology Ethics, Spirituality, Religious Moderation, Digital Transformation
Abstract
The digital transformation of the globalization era has accelerated the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education as a tool for adaptive, efficient, and data-driven learning innovation. AI enables personalized learning, faster evaluation, and broader access to education, but its integration raises ethical challenges such as algorithmic bias, data privacy risks, technology dependency, and the potential dehumanization of learning relationships. This study aims to analyze the ethical challenges of using AI in global education and formulate an ethical framework grounded in spirituality and religious moderation. This study uses a qualitative desk research approach through content analysis of scientific literature and policy documents from the past decade. The findings indicate that while AI increases efficiency and inclusivity, its implementation requires strengthening moral responsibility, justice, and respect for human dignity. Spirituality and religious moderation serve as guiding principles for developing an inclusive and humanistic AI-based education model.
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References
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Ardiansyah, Dedi, and Basuki Basuki. “Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Kesalehan Sosial Di Pondok Pesantren Dalam Menghadapi Era Society 5.0.” Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan 1, no. 2 (2023): 64–81.
Aziz, Abdul. “Constructing Ideological Authority: A Study on the Radical and Moderate Muslim Middle Classes in the Contemporary Politics of Indonesian Islam,” 2023.
Bhatnagar, Anku, and Vikas Somani. “The Ethics of AI in Education : Addressing Algorithmic Bias and Its Impact on Diverse Learners.” Journal of Informatics Education and Research 5, no. 4 (2025): 2688–2703.
Boiliu, Noh Ibrahim. “Meluhurkan Kemanusian Dalam Ekosistem Digital,” 2023.
Damayanti, Aisyah Anna, Ani Nur Riska, and Anna Devi Turnip. “Menilik Potensi Artificial Intelligence Bagi Masa Depan Pendidikan Global.” JURNAL PETISI (Pendidikan Teknologi Informasi) 5, no. 2 (2024): 81–91.
Faizah, Kurniyatul. “Spiritualitas Dan Landasan Spiritual (Modern and Islamic Values); Definisi Dan Relasinya Dengan Kepemimpinan Pendidikan.” Ar-Risalah Media Keislaman Pendidikan Dan Hukum Islam 19, no. 1 (2021): 68–86.
Gujjula, Rithvik, and Kamaljeet Sanghera. “Ethical Considerations and Data Privacy in AI Education.” Journal of Student-Scientists’ Research 5 (2023).
Habibulloh, Muh. “Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Usage in Education: A Qualitative Study on Teachers’ and Students’ Perceptions.” International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 1, no. 1 (2025): 1–11.
Hamdun, Kamal, Wahyu Nisawati Mafrukha, Mohammad Firmansyah, and Akmalun Najmi. “Model Konseptual Pembelajaran Adaptif Berbasis Kecerdasan Buatan Sebagai Inovasi Kontekstualisasi Kurikulum Pendidikan Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045.” Raudhah Proud To Be Professionals: Jurnal Tarbiyah Islamiyah 10, no. 2 (2025).
Handayani, Ni Nyoman Lisna, and I Putu Suardipa. “Peningkatan Literasi Digital Dan Moderasi Beragama Melalui Learning Management System Berbasis Trikaya Parisudha Pada Siswa SD Gugus Banyuning.” LAMPUHYANG 13, no. 2 (2022): 144–55.
Hefni, Wildani. “Moderasi Beragama Dalam Ruang Digital: Studi Pengarusutamaan Moderasi Beragama Di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri.” Jurnal Bimas Islam 13, no. 1 (2020): 1–22.
Holmes, Wayne, Maya Bialik, and Charles Fadel. Artificial Intelligence in Education Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign, 2019.
Karyadi, Johan. “Sinergi Teknologi, Spiritualitas, Dan Humanitas Dalam Membangun Budaya Organisasi Pendidikan Islam Yang Adaptif.” Manajemen Pendidikan Islam Transformatif: Era Society 4.0 Dan Industri 5 (2025): 76.
Kosasih, Engkos. “Literasi Media Sosial Dalam Pemasyarakatan Sikap Moderasi Beragama.” Jurnal Bimas Islam Vol 12, no. 2 (2019): 264.
Mahendra, Gede Surya, Daniel Adolf Ohyver, Najirah Umar, Loso Judijanto, Ayuliamita Abadi, Budi Harto, I Gede Adi Sudi Anggara, Ardiansyah Ardiansyah, Saktisyahputra Saktisyahputra, and I Ketut Setiawan. Tren Teknologi AI: Pengantar, Teori, Dan Contoh Penerapan Artificial Intelligence Di Berbagai Bidang. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia, 2024.
Malau, Oloria, Yuni Sihombing, Putri Setia Zebua, Melani Hotmaida Napitupulu, and Leli Siopani Tambunan. “Spiritualitas Sebagai Landasan Misiologi.” JIMU: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisipliner 2, no. 02 (2024): 220–28.
Maola, Putri Sofiatul, Indira Syifa Karai Handak, Yusuf Tri Herlambang, and P Studi Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar. “Penerapan Artificial Intelligence Dalam Pendidikan Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0.” Educatio 19, no. 1 (2024): 61–72.
Mayasari, A, Y Supriani, and ... “Implementasi Sistem Informasi Manajemen Akademik Berbasis Teknologi Informasi Dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pelayanan Pembelajaran Di SMK.” … Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 2021. http://jiip.stkipyapisdompu.ac.id/jiip/index.php/JIIP/article/view/277.
Mediawati, Bambang Triyono1 Elis. “Transformasi Nilai-Nilai Islam Melalui Pendidikan Pesantren: Implementasi Dalam Pembentukan Karakter Santri.” Journal of International Multidisciplinary Research Vol 1, no. 1 (2023).
Mehmood, Tariq. “Ethical AI in Education: Addressing Bias, Privacy, and Equity in AI-Driven Learning Systems.” AI EDIFY Journal 2, no. 1 (2025): 38–45.
Molenaar, Inge. “Towards Hybrid Human‐AI Learning Technologies.” European Journal of Education 57, no. 4 (2022): 632–45.
Muchlis. “PENGGUNAAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM: MANFAAT DAN TANTANGAN.” Kreatif 23, no. 1 (2025): 100–109.
Muchlis, Muchlis. “Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam: Manfaat Dan Tantangan.” Kreatif: Jurnal Pemikiran Pendidikan Agama Islam 23, no. 1 (2025): 100–109.
Muhammad Haizul Falah, Durorin Nuha Achfama. “Ethical Artificial Intelligence in Education : Aligning Technological Innovation with Islamic Principles The Rapid Advancement of Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) Has Significantly Transformed Educational Systems by Enabling Personalized Learning , Intellig,” no. November 2025 (2026).
Musleh, Abdul wafi, Fahim Abu Ramadhan, Septiadi, and Ahsan Hakim. “Integrasi Nilai Transendental Dalam Pembelajaran Abad Ke-21: Studi Komparatif Kualitatif Antara Kurikulum Pesantren Dan Kurikulum Cambridge.” Jdp (Jurnal Dinamika Pendidikan) 12, no. 1 (2025): 236–46. https://doi.org/10.64540/1rdhzx86.
Muslimah, Hafidzatul, and Maya Risa. “Kesadaran Moral Spiritual Terkait Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis ICT.” Jurnal Basicedu 8, no. 6 (2024): 4707–13.
Mutaqin, Fauzy Maarij, Idah Jubaedah, Herry Koestianto, and Dede Indra Setiabudi. “Efektif Artificial Intelligence (AI) Dalam Belajar Dan Mengajar.” Jurnal Pendidikan: Seroja 2, no. 1 (2023): 53–60.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “Ensiklopedi Tematis Spiritualitas Islam.” Bandung: Mizan, 2002, 401–2.
Nisa, Khoirul Mudawinun, Salsabila Shofa Harsan, Nisrina Nur Elysia, and Zakkiya Ashhabul Yumna. “Rumah MODEM: Inovasi Aplikasi Sebagai Upaya Membangun Moderasi Beragama Di MAN 2 Tulungagung.” Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education Management 3, no. 1 (2022): 1–12.
Nurhayati, R, Taufiq Nur, Nur Adillah, and Magfira Urva. “Dinamika Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Artificial Intelligence (AI).” In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Tarbiyah Dan Ilmu Keguruan IAIM Sinjai, 3:1–7, 2024.
Parker, Martin. Shut down the Business School: What’s Wrong with Management Education. Pluto Books, 2018.
Putra, Lovandri Dwanda, and Suci Zhinta Ananda Pratama. “Pemanfatan Media Dan Teknologi Digital Dalam Mengatasi Masalah Pembelajaran.” Journal Transformation of Mandalika 4, no. 8 (2023): 323–29.
Raharjo, Riris Setyaningrum, and Samsul Huda Rohmadi. “Artificial Intelligence in Indonesian Education: A Critical Review of Ethical Considerations, Implementation Challenges, and Educational Management Perspectives.” At-Tarbawi: Jurnal Kajian Kependidikan Islam 10, no. 1 (2025): 50–68.
Selwyn, Neil. Should Robots Replace Teachers?: AI and the Future of Education. John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
Sunaengsih, Cucun, Aan Komariah, Dedy Achmad Kurniady, and Syifa Hanifa Salsabil. “AI-Based Teaching Materials for Deep Learning: An Analysis of Usage by Elementary School Teachers.” International Journal of Educational Management and Innovation 6, no. 2 (2025): 184–201.
Thadi, Robet. “Kampanye Moderasi Beragama Di Ruang Digital Indonesia.” Manhaj: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat 11, no. 2 (2022): 170–86.
Timmins, Fiona, Michael Connolly, Stefania Palmisano, Daniel Burgos, Lorenzo Mariano Juárez, Alessandro Gusman, Vicente Soriano, Marcin Jewdokimow, Wojciech Sadłoń, and Aída López Serrano. “Providing Spiritual Care to In-Hospital Patients during COVID-19: A Preliminary European Fact-Finding Study.” Journal of Religion and Health 61, no. 3 (2022): 2212–32.
Ulfah, Ulfah, Yuli Supriani, and Opan Arifudin. “Kepemimpinan Pendidikan Di Era Disrupsi.” JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 5, no. 1 (2022): 153–61.
Umam, Fuadul, and R. Riski Dwi Koestanto. “Konsep Dan Implementasi Moderasi Beragama Dalam Ruang Digital.” Afkaruna: International Journal of Islamic Studies (AIJIS) 1, no. 2 (2024): 240–51. https://doi.org/10.38073/aijis.v1i2.1555.
Utari, Tria Ina. “The Evolution of Multicultural Education Indonesia 2000-2022: Bibliometric Analysis, Google Scholar.” Jurnal Manajemen Pendididkan Islam 8, no. 1 (2023): 20–30.
Utomo, Deni Puji, and Rachmat Adiwijaya. “Representasi Moderasi Beragama Dalam Dakwah Habib Husein Ja’far Al-Hadar Pada Konten Podcast Noice ‘Berbeda Tapi Bersama.’” Pusaka 10, no. 1 (2022): 212–23.
Wibowo, Adi. “Penggunaan Media Sosial Sebagai Trend Media Dakwah Pendidikan Islam Di Era Digital.” Jurnal Islam Nusantara 3, no. 2 (2019): 339–56.
Williamson, Ben, and Rebecca Eynon. “Historical Threads, Missing Links, and Future Directions in AI in Education.” Learning, Media and Technology. Taylor & Francis, 2020.
Zaman, Mohamad Badrun, Muhammd Syukri Nawir, Athoillah Islamy, and Afina Aninnas. “Harmonisasi Pendidikan Islam Dan Negara: Pengarustamaan Nilai-Nilai Pancasila Dalam Orientasi Pendidikan Pesantren Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Tarbawi 10, no. 2 (2022): 139–64.
Zawacki-Richter, Olaf, Victoria I Marín, Melissa Bond, and Franziska Gouverneur. “Systematic Review of Research on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Higher Education–Where Are the Educators?” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (2019): 39.
Zhai, Xuesong, Xiaoyan Chu, Ching Sing Chai, Morris Siu Yung Jong, Andreja Istenic, Michael Spector, Jia-Bao Liu, Jing Yuan, and Yan Li. “A Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education from 2010 to 2020.” Complexity 2021, no. 1 (2021): 8812542.
Published
2026-04-28
How to Cite
Puan Maharani, Sekar, Febia Ghina Tsuraya, Nurul Azzahra, Maftuhah, and Afif Faizin. 2026. “Ethical Challenges of Using Artificial Intelligence in Global Education Based on Spirituality and Religious Moderation”. Re-JIEM (Research Journal of Islamic Education Management), April, 114-34. https://doi.org/10.19105/re-jiem.vi.24262.
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2026 Sekar Puan Maharani, Febia Ghina Tsuraya, Nurul Azzahra, Maftuhah, Afif Faizin
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