THE VALIDITY OF PARENTAL ORAL INTER VIVOS GIFTS TO CHILDREN IN SUPREME COURT DECISIONS: A COMPILATION OF SHARIA ECONOMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

The legal validity of an oral inter vivos gift (hibah) from parents to their children remains a contentious legal issue, reflecting the tension between its substantive recognition under Islamic law and the evidentiary requirements of the judicial system, particularly when the subject matter of the gift involves land that subsequently becomes the object of inheritance disputes. This study aims to examine the legal validity of oral hibah in judicial evidentiary proceedings, analyse oral hibah from the perspectives of moderate Islam and maṣlaḥah (public interest), and evaluate the juridical construction adopted by the Supreme Court in assessing the validity of oral hibah under the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law (Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah—KHES). This study employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. The research is based on secondary data collected through library research and analysed qualitatively using a prescriptive analytical method. The findings demonstrate that the validity of an oral hibah is determined not by the form of the contract but by evidence establishing the donor's genuine intention, the effective transfer of possession (qabḍ), and the actual control of the gifted property by the recipient. From the perspective of moderate Islam, an oral hibah remains legally valid insofar as it reflects the principles of justice, public welfare (maṣlaḥah), and the protection of the parties' rights. Furthermore, the Supreme Court's decision establishes a juridical framework that integrates the principles of KHES, the law of evidence, and legal certainty in land administration through a balanced assessment of both Sharia validity and evidentiary validity. This study recommends the formulation of specific evidentiary guidelines for oral hibah within the Religious Courts and the harmonisation of KHES with land law regulations to strengthen legal certainty while preserving the fundamental values of justice and public welfare.

Keywords: Oral Hibah; Supreme Court; Compilation of Sharia Economic Law; Moderate Islamic Law; Judicial Decision.

ABSTRAK

Keabsahan hibah lisan orang tua kepada anak masih menjadi isu hukum yang menimbulkan perbedaan antara pengakuan substantif dalam hukum Islam dan pembuktian dalam sistem peradilan, khususnya ketika objek hibah berupa tanah menjadi sengketa di antara ahli waris. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keabsahan hibah lisan dalam proses pembuktian di peradilan, mengkaji hibah lisan dalam perspektif Islam moderat dan kemaslahatan, serta menganalisis konstruksi yuridis Putusan Mahkamah Agung dalam menilai hibah lisan berdasarkan Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah (KHES). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder yang dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif menggunakan teknik analisis preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keabsahan hibah lisan tidak ditentukan oleh bentuk akad, melainkan oleh pembuktian atas terpenuhinya kehendak pemberi hibah, penyerahan objek (qabḍ), dan penguasaan nyata oleh penerima hibah. Dalam perspektif Islam moderat, hibah lisan tetap sah sepanjang mencerminkan prinsip keadilan, kemaslahatan, dan perlindungan hak para pihak. Putusan Mahkamah Agung membangun konstruksi yuridis yang mengintegrasikan prinsip-prinsip KHES, hukum pembuktian, dan kepastian hukum pertanahan melalui penilaian terhadap validitas syariah dan validitas pembuktian secara proporsional. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penyusunan pedoman pembuktian hibah lisan di lingkungan Peradilan Agama serta harmonisasi pengaturan antara KHES dan regulasi pertanahan untuk memperkuat kepastian hukum tanpa mengabaikan nilai-nilai keadilan dan kemaslahatan.